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The vegetation at the Cottonwood Field Station is predominantly native plants which are mostly cool-season grasses. Western wheatgrass is the main species with needle and thread, green needle grass and little bluestem also present. Buffalo grass and blue grama are the main warm-season grasses. Introduced pastures of crested wheatgrass and Russian wild rye are also grazed.

The average yearly precipitation at the Cottonwood Field Station is about 16.5 inches. Two-thirds of the annual precipitation fall during the growing season of April through October. Limited precipitation during the winter months allows us to graze year round with little or no hay feeding. The average daily July high temperature is 90° F and the average daily January high is 32° F. Summer highs of 105° F and winter lows of -30° F are not uncommon.

We maintain a herd of about 150 Angus-Simmental cows that are utilized for our research programs. These cow-calf pairs are summered and bred at Ft. Meade. In November after weaning, the cows are brought back to Cottonwood where they are wintered and calved out. Calving begins on April 20. We also purchase about 150 yearling steers each year for our range of research projects at Cottonwood.

Since 1907 the National Weather Service has maintained a "Climatological Bench Mark Weather Station." This is one of the oldest weather stations in South Dakota to operate on the same site on a continuing basis. Minimum and maximum temperatures are recorded daily along with precipitation and evaporation data. Soil temperatures at six different depths are also recorded.

Since 1983, Cottonwood Field Station has been a monitoring site for the National Atmospheric Deposition Program. Precipitation samples are collected on a weekly basis and field analyzed for pH and specific conductivity. Samples are then sent to the Illinois State Water Survey and analyzed for pH, specific conductivity, calcium, magnesium, potassium and other compounds.

Current temperature at Cottonwood Range and Livestock Field Station